Environmental Exposures: Pesticides
Pesticides have long been employed to protect crops and ensure abundant food production to meet the demands of a growing global population. While they have undeniably contributed to increased agricultural yields, concerns over the adverse effects of pesticides on human health have grown in recent years.
Pesticides, used in agriculture and in the home to control pests, can be absorbed through the skin, respiratory tract, and, of course, through ingestion of water and foods. Pesticides in soil may persist for weeks, months, or even years. Industrial pesticides belong to three major groups: insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. While many pesticides are currently used, the most commonly used include organochlorines (OC), organophosphates (OP), carbamates, triazines, and pyrethroids.
Pesticide Impact on the Gut Microbiota
Animal models suggest that exposure to pesticides alters the composition of the gut microbiome by enriching strains of harmful bacteria, lowering levels of helpful organisms such as Akkermansia, and altering the composition of short-chain fatty acids. This resulting microbiome disruption, or dysbiosis, has been linked to various health consequences, including IBS, obesity, and diabetes.
On a positive note, certain strains of good bacteria in the gut may offer protection against pesticides. For example, Lactobacillus strains have been associated with decreased absorption of and toxicity of organophosphate pesticides.
Does Buying Organic Help?
Consumption of fruits and vegetables is essential to maintain health. However, research shows that a high pesticide residue intake is associated with increased mortality and may offset the benefit of fruit and vegetable consumption. Choosing organic produce whenever possible is one way to reduce exposure to conventional pesticides dramatically. In fact, a recent study showed that adults following at least an 80% organic diet for one week were found to have a significant reduction in levels of pesticides in their urine.
Some fruits and vegetables are more likely to be contaminated with pesticides than others. Each year, the Environmental Working Group lists the most and least contaminated produce. For those listed on the “Dirty Dozen” list, try to buy organic. Buying organic may be less important for the fruits and vegetables that are less likely to be contaminated. All produce should be washed using a mild additive-free soap and running water and dried with a clean towel before consumption. Firm fruits and vegetables can be gently scrubbed using a firm brush, and the outer layer of leafy vegetables such as cabbage can be removed and discarded.
What are some other ways to reduce pesticide exposure?
The good news is that you can take some easy steps to lower your exposure to common pesticides. To start:
- Remove your shoes when entering the home so residues are not tracked inside.
- In the home, opt for homemade pesticides using natural ingredients.
- Remember to trim fat and skin from animal products to minimize pesticide residue that may accumulate in the fat.